Modulus:ar-translit
Purpose
[+/-]This module will transliterate text written in “Lingua Arabica”.
The module should preferably not be called directly from templates or other modules. To use it from a template, use {{xlit}}. Within a module, use Module:languages#Language:transliterate.
For testcases, see Module:ar-translit/testcases.
Functions
[+/-]tr(text, lang, sc)- Transliterates a given piece of
textwritten in the script specified bysc, and language specified bylang. When the transliteration fails, returnsnil.
-- Authors: Benwing, ZxxZxxZ, Atitarev
local export = {}
local U = mw.ustring.char
local rfind = mw.ustring.find
local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub
local rmatch = mw.ustring.match
local rsplit = mw.text.split
local gcodepoint = mw.ustring.gcodepoint
-- assigned below
local has_diacritics
-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
return retval
end
local zwnj = U(0x200c) -- zero-width non-joiner
local alif_madda = U(0x622)
local alif_hamza_below = U(0x625)
local alif = U(0x627)
local taa_marbuuTa = U(0x629)
local laam = U(0x644)
local waaw = U(0x648)
local alif_maqSuura = U(0x649)
local yaa = U(0x64A)
local fatHataan = U(0x64B)
local Dammataan = U(0x64C)
local kasrataan = U(0x64D)
local fatHa = U(0x64E)
local Damma = U(0x64F)
local kasra = U(0x650)
local shadda = U(0x651)
local sukuun = U(0x652)
local dagger_alif = U(0x670)
local alif_waSl = U(0x671)
--local zwj = U(0x200d) -- zero-width joiner
local lrm = U(0x200e) -- left-to-right mark
local rlm = U(0x200f) -- right-to-left mark
local tt = {
-- consonants
["ب"]="b", ["ت"]="t", ["ث"]="ṯ", ["ج"]="j", ["ح"]="ḥ", ["خ"]="ḵ",
["د"]="d", ["ذ"]="ḏ", ["ر"]="r", ["ز"]="z", ["س"]="s", ["ش"]="š",
["ص"]="ṣ", ["ض"]="ḍ", ["ط"]="ṭ", ["ظ"]="ẓ", ["ع"]="ʿ", ["غ"]="ḡ",
["ف"]="f", ["ق"]="q", ["ك"]="k", ["ڪ"]="k", ["ل"]="l", ["م"]="m", ["ن"]="n",
["ه"]="h",
-- tāʾ marbūṭa (special) - always after a fátḥa (a), silent at the end of
-- an utterance, "t" in ʾiḍāfa or with pronounced tanwīn. We catch
-- most instances of tāʾ marbūṭa before we get to this stage.
[taa_marbuuTa]="t", -- tāʾ marbūṭa = ة
-- control characters
[zwnj]="-", -- ZWNJ (zero-width non-joiner)
-- [zwj]="", -- ZWJ (zero-width joiner)
-- rare letters
["پ"]="p", ["چ"]="č", ["ڤ"]="v", ["ڥ"]="v", ["گ"]="g", ["ڨ"]="g", ["ڧ"]="q",
-- semivowels or long vowels, alif, hamza, special letters
["ا"]="ā", -- ʾalif
-- hamzated letters
["أ"]="ʾ", -- hamza over alif
[alif_hamza_below]="ʾ", -- hamza under alif
["ؤ"]="ʾ", -- hamza over wāw
["ئ"]="ʾ", -- hamza over yā
["ء"]="ʾ", -- hamza on the line
-- long vowels
[waaw]="w", --"ū" after ḍamma (u) and not before diacritic
[yaa]="y", --"ī" after kasra (i) and not before diacritic
[alif_maqSuura]="ā", -- ʾalif maqṣūra
[alif_madda]="ʾā", -- ʾalif madda
[alif_waSl]= "", -- hamzatu l-waṣl
[dagger_alif] = "ā", -- ʾalif xanjariyya = dagger ʾalif (Koranic diacritic)
-- short vowels, šádda and sukūn
[fatHataan]="an", -- fatḥatan
[Dammataan]="un", -- ḍammatan
[kasrataan]="in", -- kasratan
[fatHa]="a", -- fatḥa
[Damma]="u", -- ḍamma
[kasra]="i", -- kasra
-- šadda - doubled consonant
[sukuun]="", --sukūn - no vowel
-- ligatures
["ﻻ"]="lā",
["ﷲ"]="llāh",
-- taṭwīl
["ـ"]="", -- taṭwīl, no sound
-- numerals
["١"]="1", ["٢"]="2", ["٣"]="3", ["٤"]="4", ["٥"]="5",
["٦"]="6", ["٧"]="7", ["٨"]="8", ["٩"]="9", ["٠"]="0",
-- punctuation (leave on separate lines)
["؟"]="?", -- question mark
["«"]='“', -- quotation mark
["»"]='”', -- quotation mark
["٫"]=".", -- decimal point
["٬"]=",", -- thousands separator
["٪"]="%", -- percent sign
["،"]=",", -- comma
["؛"]=";" -- semicolon
}
local sun_letters = "تثدذرزسشصضطظلن"
-- For use in implementing sun-letter assimilation of ال (al-)
local ttsun1 = {}
local ttsun2 = {}
local ttsun3 = {}
for cp in gcodepoint(sun_letters) do
local ch = U(cp)
ttsun1[ch] = tt[ch]
ttsun2["l-" .. ch] = tt[ch] .. "-" .. ch
table.insert(ttsun3, tt[ch])
end
-- For use in implementing elision of al-
local sun_letters_tr = table.concat(ttsun3, "")
local consonants_needing_vowels = "بتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغفقكڪلمنهپچڤگڨڧأإؤئءةﷲ"
-- consonants on the right side; includes alif madda
local rconsonants = consonants_needing_vowels .. "ويآ"
-- consonants on the left side; does not include alif madda
local lconsonants = consonants_needing_vowels .. "وي"
-- Arabic semicolon, comma, question mark; taṭwīl; period, exclamation point,
-- single quote for bold/italic
local punctuation = "؟،؛" .. "ـ" .. ".!'"
local numbers = "١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩٠"
local before_diacritic_checking_subs = {
------------ transformations prior to checking for diacritics --------------
-- convert llh for allāh into ll+shadda+dagger-alif+h
{"لله", "للّٰه"},
-- shadda+short-vowel (including tanwīn vowels, i.e. -an -in -un) gets
-- replaced with short-vowel+shadda during NFC normalisation, which
-- MediaWiki does for all Unicode strings; however, it makes the
-- transliteration process inconvenient, so undo it.
{"([" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. dagger_alif .. "])" .. shadda, shadda .. "%1"},
-- ignore alif jamīla (otiose alif in 3pl verb forms)
-- #1: handle ḍamma + wāw + alif (final -ū)
{Damma .. waaw .. alif, Damma .. waaw},
-- #2: handle wāw + sukūn + alif (final -w in -aw in defective verbs)
-- this must go before the generation of w, which removes the waw here.
{waaw .. sukuun .. alif, waaw .. sukuun},
-- ignore final alif or alif maqṣūra following fatḥatan (e.g. in accusative
-- singular or words like عَصًا "stick" or هُذًى "guidance"; this is called
-- tanwin nasb)
{fatHataan .. "[" .. alif .. alif_maqSuura .. "]", fatHataan},
-- same but with the fatḥatan placed over the alif or alif maqṣūra
-- instead of over the previous letter (considered a misspelling but
-- common)
{"[" .. alif .. alif_maqSuura .. "]" .. fatHataan, fatHataan},
-- tāʾ marbūṭa should always be preceded by fatḥa, alif, alif madda or
-- dagger alif; infer fatḥa if not
{"([^" .. fatHa .. alif .. alif_madda .. dagger_alif .. "])" .. taa_marbuuTa, "%1" .. fatHa .. taa_marbuuTa},
-- similarly for alif between consonants, possibly marked with shadda
-- (does not apply to initial alif, which is silent when not marked with
-- hamza, or final alif, which might be pronounced as -an)
{"([" .. lconsonants .. "]" .. shadda .. "?)" .. alif .. "([" .. rconsonants .. "])",
"%1" .. fatHa .. alif .. "%2"},
-- infer fatḥa in case of non-fatḥa + alif/alif-maqṣūra + dagger alif
{"([^" .. fatHa .. "])([" .. alif .. alif_maqSuura .. "]" .. dagger_alif .. ")", "%1" .. fatHa .. "%2"},
-- infer kasra in case of hamza-under-alif not + kasra
{alif_hamza_below .. "([^" .. kasra .. "])", alif_hamza_below .. kasra .. "%1"},
-- ignore dagger alif placed over regular alif or alif maqṣūra
{"([" .. alif .. alif_maqSuura .. "])" .. dagger_alif, "%1"},
----------- rest of these concern definite article alif-lām ----------
-- in kasra/ḍamma + alif + lam, make alif into hamzatu l-waṣl, so we
-- handle cases like بِالتَّوْفِيق (bi-t-tawfīq) correctly
{"([" .. Damma .. kasra .. "])" .. alif .. laam, "%1" .. alif_waSl .. laam},
-- al + consonant + shadda (only recognize word-initially if regular alif): remove shadda
{"^(" .. alif .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam .. "[" .. lconsonants .. "])" .. shadda, "%1"},
{"%s(" .. alif .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam .. "[" .. lconsonants .. "])" .. shadda, " %1"},
{"(" .. alif_waSl .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam .. "[" .. lconsonants .. "])" .. shadda, "%1"},
-- handle l- hamzatu l-waṣl or word-initial al-
{"^" .. alif .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam, "al-"},
{"%s" .. alif .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam, " al-"},
-- next one for bi-t-tawfīq
{"([" .. Damma .. kasra .. "])" .. alif_waSl .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam, "%1-l-"},
-- next one for remaining hamzatu l-waṣl (at beginning of word)
{alif_waSl .. fatHa .. "?" .. laam, "l-"},
-- special casing if the l in al- has a shadda on it (as in الَّذِي "that"),
-- so we don't mistakenly double the dash
{"l%-" .. shadda, "ll"},
-- implement assimilation of sun letters
{"l%-[" .. sun_letters .. "]", ttsun2},
}
-- Transliterate the word(s) in TEXT. LANG (the language) and SC (the script)
-- are ignored. OMIT_I3RAAB means leave out final short vowels (ʾiʿrāb).
-- GRAY_I3RAAB means render transliterate short vowels (ʾiʿrāb) in gray.
-- FORCE_TRANSLIT causes even non-vocalized text to be transliterated
-- (normally the function checks for non-vocalized text and returns nil,
-- since such text is ambiguous in transliteration).
function export.tr(text, lang, sc, omit_i3raab, gray_i3raab, force_translit)
-- make it possible to call this function from a template
if type(text) == "table" then
local function f(x) return (x ~= "") and x or nil end
text, lang, sc, omit_i3raab, force_translit =
f(text.args[1]), f(text.args[2]), f(text.args[3]), f(text.args[4]), f(text.args[5])
end
for _, sub in ipairs(before_diacritic_checking_subs) do
text = rsub(text, sub[1], sub[2])
end
if not force_translit and not has_diacritics(text) then
return nil
end
------------ transformations after checking for diacritics --------------
-- Replace plain alif with hamzatu l-waṣl when followed by fatḥa/ḍamma/kasra.
-- Must go after handling of initial al-, which distinguishes alif-fatḥa
-- from alif w/hamzatu l-waṣl. Must go before generation of ū and ī, which
-- eliminate the ḍamma/kasra.
text = rsub(text, alif .. "([" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "])", alif_waSl .. "%1")
-- ḍamma + waw not followed by a diacritic is ū, otherwise w
text = rsub(text, Damma .. waaw .. "([^" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. shadda .. sukuun .. dagger_alif .. "])", "ū%1")
text = rsub(text, Damma .. waaw .. "$", "ū")
-- kasra + yaa not followed by a diacritic (or ū from prev step) is ī, otherwise y
text = rsub(text, kasra .. yaa .. "([^" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. shadda .. sukuun .. dagger_alif .. "ū])", "ī%1")
text = rsub(text, kasra .. yaa .. "$", "ī")
-- convert shadda to double letter.
text = rsub(text, "(.)" .. shadda, "%1%1")
if not omit_i3raab and gray_i3raab then -- show ʾiʿrāb grayed in transliteration
-- decide whether to gray out the t in ﺓ. If word begins with al- or l-, yes.
-- Otherwise, no if word ends in a/i/u, yes if ends in an/in/un.
text = rsub(text, "^(a?l%-[^%s]+)" .. taa_marbuuTa .. "([" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "])",
'%1<span style="color: #888888">t</span>%2')
text = rsub(text, "(%sa?l%-[^%s]+)" .. taa_marbuuTa .. "([" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "])",
'%1<span style="color: #888888">t</span>%2')
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa .. "([" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "])", "t%1")
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa .. "([" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. "])",
'<span style="color: #888888">t</span>%1')
text = rsub(text, ".", {
[fatHataan] = '<span style="color: #888888">an</span>',
[kasrataan] = '<span style="color: #888888">in</span>',
[Dammataan] = '<span style="color: #888888">un</span>'
})
text = rsub(text, "([" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "])%s", {
[fatHa] = '<span style="color: #888888">a</span> ',
[kasra] = '<span style="color: #888888">i</span> ',
[Damma] = '<span style="color: #888888">u</span> '
})
text = rsub(text, "[" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "]$", {
[fatHa] = '<span style="color: #888888">a</span>',
[kasra] = '<span style="color: #888888">i</span>',
[Damma] = '<span style="color: #888888">u</span>'
})
text = rsub(text, '</span><span style="color: #888888">', "")
elseif omit_i3raab then -- omit ʾiʿrāb in transliteration
text = rsub(text, "[" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. "]", "")
text = rsub(text, "[" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "]%s", " ")
text = rsub(text, "[" .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. "]$", "")
end
-- tāʾ marbūṭa should not be rendered by -t if word-final even when
-- ʾiʿrāb (desinential inflection) is shown; instead, use (t) before
-- whitespace, nothing when final; but render final -ﺍﺓ and -ﺁﺓ as -āh,
-- consistent with Wehr's dictionary
-- Left-to-right or right-to-left mark at end of text will prevent tāʾ marbūṭa
-- from being transliterated correctly.
text = string.gsub(text, lrm, "")
text = string.gsub(text, rlm, "")
text = rsub(text, "([" .. alif .. alif_madda .. "])" .. taa_marbuuTa .. "$", "%1h")
-- Ignore final tāʾ marbūṭa (it appears as "a" due to the preceding
-- short vowel). Need to do this after graying or omitting word-final
-- ʾiʿrāb.
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa .. "$", "")
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa .. "(%p)", "%1")
if not omit_i3raab then -- show ʾiʿrāb in transliteration
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa .. "%s", "(t) ")
else
-- When omitting ʾiʿrāb, show all non-absolutely-final instances of
-- tāʾ marbūṭa as (t), with trailing ʾiʿrāb omitted.
text = rsub(text, taa_marbuuTa, "(t)")
end
-- tatwīl should be rendered as - at beginning or end of word. It will
-- be rendered as nothing in the middle of a word (FIXME, do we want
-- this?)
text = rsub(text, "^ـ", "-")
text = rsub(text, "%sـ", " -")
text = rsub(text, "ـ$", "-")
text = rsub(text, "ـ%s", "- ")
-- Now convert remaining Arabic chars according to table.
text = rsub(text, ".", tt)
text = rsub(text, "aā", "ā")
-- Implement elision of al- after a final vowel. We do this
-- conservatively, only handling elision of the definite article rather
-- than elision in other cases of hamzat al-waṣl (e.g. form-I imperatives
-- or form-VII and above verbal nouns) partly because elision in
-- these cases isn't so common in MSA and partly to avoid excessive
-- elision in case of words written with initial bare alif instead of
-- properly with hamzated alif. Possibly we should reconsider.
-- At the very least we currently don't handle elision of الَّذِي (allaḏi)
-- correctly because we special-case it to appear without the hyphen;
-- perhaps we should reconsider that.
text = rsub(text, "([aiuāīū]'* +'*)a([" .. sun_letters_tr .. "]%-)",
"%1%2")
if gray_i3raab then
text = rsub(text, "([aiuāīū]'*</span>'* +'*)a([" .. sun_letters_tr .. "]%-)",
"%1%2")
end
-- Special-case the transliteration of allāh, without the hyphen
text = rsub(text, "^(a?)l%-lāh", "%1llāh")
text = rsub(text, "(%sa?)l%-lāh", "%1llāh")
return text
end
local has_diacritics_subs = {
-- FIXME! What about lam-alif ligature?
-- remove punctuation and shadda
-- must go before removing final consonants
{"[" .. punctuation .. shadda .. "]", ""},
-- Remove consonants at end of word or utterance, so that we're OK with
-- words lacking iʿrāb (must go before removing other consonants).
-- If you want to catch places without iʿrāb, comment out the next two lines.
{"[" .. lconsonants .. "]$", ""},
{"[" .. lconsonants .. "]%s", " "},
-- remove consonants (or alif) when followed by diacritics
-- must go after removing shadda
-- do not remove the diacritics yet because we need them to handle
-- long-vowel sequences of diacritic + pseudo-consonant
{"[" .. lconsonants .. alif .. "]([" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. sukuun .. dagger_alif .. "])", "%1"},
-- the following two must go after removing consonants w/diacritics because
-- we only want to treat vocalic wāw/yā' in them (we want to have removed
-- wāw/yā' followed by a diacritic)
-- remove ḍamma + wāw
{Damma .. waaw, ""},
-- remove kasra + yā'
{kasra .. yaa, ""},
-- remove fatḥa/fatḥatan + alif/alif-maqṣūra
{"[" .. fatHataan .. fatHa .. "][" .. alif .. alif_maqSuura .. "]", ""},
-- remove diacritics
{"[" .. fatHataan .. Dammataan .. kasrataan .. fatHa .. Damma .. kasra .. sukuun .. dagger_alif .. "]", ""},
-- remove numbers, hamzatu l-waṣl, alif madda
{"[" .. numbers .. "ٱ" .. "آ" .. "]", ""},
-- remove non-Arabic characters
{"[^" .. U(0x0600) .. "-" .. U(0x06FF) .. U(0x0750) .. "-" .. U(0x077F) ..
U(0x08A0) .. "-" .. U(0x08FF) .. U(0xFB50) .. "-" .. U(0xFDFF) ..
U(0xFE70) .. "-" .. U(0xFEFF) .. "]", ""}
}
-- declared as local above
function has_diacritics(text)
local count
text, count = rsubn(text, "[" .. lrm .. rlm .. "]", "")
if count > 0 then
require("Module:debug").track("ar-translit/lrm or rlm")
end
for _, sub in ipairs(has_diacritics_subs) do
text = rsub(text, unpack(sub))
end
return #text == 0
end
-- Return true if transliteration TR is an irregular transliteration of
-- ARABIC. Return false if ARABIC can't be transliterated. For purposes of
-- establishing regularity, hyphens are ignored and word-final tāʾ marbūṭa
-- can be transliterated as "(t)", "" or "t".
function export.irregular_translit(arabic, tr)
if not arabic or arabic == "" or not tr or tr == "" then
return false
end
local regtr = export.tr(arabic)
if not regtr or regtr == tr then
return false
end
local arwords = rsplit(arabic, " ")
local regwords = rsplit(regtr, " ")
local words = rsplit(tr, " ")
if #regwords ~= #words or #regwords ~= #arwords then
return true
end
for i=1,#regwords do
local regword = regwords[i]
local word = words[i]
local arword = arwords[i]
-- Resolve final (t) in auto-translit to t, h or nothing
if rfind(regword, "%(t%)$") then
regword = rfind(word, "āh$") and rsub(regword, "%(t%)$", "h") or
rfind(word, "t$") and rsub(regword, "%(t%)$", "t") or
rsub(regword, "%(t%)$", "")
end
-- Resolve clitics + short a + alif-lām, which may get auto-transliterated
-- to contain long ā, to short a if the manual translit has it; note
-- that currently in cases with assimilated l, the auto-translit will
-- fail, so we won't ever get here and don't have to worry about
-- auto-translit l against manual-translit assimilated char.
local clitic_chars = "^[وفكل]" -- separate line to avoid L2R display weirdness
if rfind(arword, clitic_chars .. fatHa .. "?[" .. alif .. alif_waSl .. "]" .. laam) and rfind(word, "^[wfkl]a%-") then
regword = rsub(regword, "^([wfkl])ā", "%1a")
end
-- Ignore hyphens when comparing
if rsub(regword, "%-", "") ~= rsub(word, "%-", "") then
return true
end
end
return false
end
return export
-- For Vim, so we get 4-space tabs
-- vim: set ts=4 sw=4 noet: